Essay about Reviving Psychophysical Supervenience

Reviving Psychophysical Supervenience ABSTRACT: Many philosophers have lost their enthusiasm for the concept of supervenience in the philosophy of mind. This is largely due to the fact that, as Jaegwon Kim has shown, familiar versions of supervenience describe relations of mere property covariation without capturing the idea of dependence. Since the dependence of the mental on the physical is a necessary requirement for even the weakest version of physicalism, it would seem that existing forms of supervenience cannot achieve that for which they were designed. My aim is to revive the concept of supervenience. I argue that if we construe supervenience along Davidsonian lines — as a relation connecting predicates rather than properties —†¦show more content†¦In light of this, many have lost their enthusiasm for this idea. My goal in this paper is to renew our faith in supervenience. To do so, however, will not require the development of a new formulation of the concept; instead, it involves clearing up some misconceptions about an existing version of this relation. I refer to Davidson’s original treatment of supervenience. Most have assumed that Davidson’s brand of supervenience is equivalent to Kim’s weak supervenience, which is too weak to express dependence. I will argue that Davidson’s conception of supervenience is, despite certain formal similarities, quite different from Kim’s and clearly captures a sense of psychophysical dependence that is of use to forms of physicalism. As I see it, the difference between Kim’s approach and Davidson’s lies in the items supervenience is thought to connect. Kim’s formulations of supervenience connect properties, which he takes to be the ontological building blocks of events. In general then, Kim treats supervenience as a metaphysical thesis about the distribution of properties in possible worlds. By contrast, Davidson has little tolerance for the idea that events should be analyzed in terms of property exemplifications. Given Davidson’s reluctance to endorse properties, he prefers to think of supervenience as a relation between

The Tv Series Shameless Is Based On A Family That Lives On...

The TV series Shameless is based on a family that lives on the South Side of Chicago. The show is based off the dramatic and chaotic life of the Gallagher family. The family of six children depends on the oldest sister, Fiona, to take care of the family due to the absence of the mother and their incapable alcoholic father who comes and goes as he pleases. The unstable family has to cope with the struggles faced with having little money and learning how to take care of themselves and also each other. In this paper, I claim that the show Shameless represents the stereotypical ideas of the poor class through the main character Frank Gallagher, for he is portrayed as a lazy, alcoholic father involved in criminal activities. In the following pages, I will provide research and background information that have examined class stereotypes in media. Then, I will explain the claims that I found in the TV series. I will specifically focus on the class stereotypes of laziness, addiction, and crim inal activity that emerge through the character, Frank, throughout the episode. The specific episode I will be analyzing for my paper is Season 1: Episode 7, Frank Gallagher: Loving husband, devoted father, which is mainly about Frank owing two debt collectors $6,000. He forms a plan of faking his death, because he doesn’t have money to pay them back. Frank needs his family’s help to accomplish this task in order to save his life. My main focus is on the negative stereotypes of poor class

Airika Essay Example For Students

Airika Essay By: emailprotected As a social and economic institution, slavery originated in the times when humans began farming instead of hunting and gathering. Slave labor became commonplace in ancient Greece and Rome. Slaves were created through the capture of enemies, the birth of children to slave parents, and means of punishment. Enslaved Africans represented many different peoples, each with distinct cultures, religions, and languages. Most originated from the coast or the interior of West Africa, between present-day Senegal and Angola. Other enslaved peoples originally came from Madagascar and Tanzania in East Africa. Slavery became of major economic importance after the sixteenth century with the European conquest of South and Central America. These slaves had a great impact on the sugar and tobacco industries. A triangular trade route was established with Europe for alcohol and firearms in exchange for slaves. The slaves were then traded with Americans for molasses and (later) cotton. In 1619 the first black slave arrived in Virginia. The demands of European consumers for New World crops and goods helped fuel the slave trade. A strong family and community life helped sustain African Americans in slavery. People often chose their own partners, lived under the same roof, raised children together, and protected each other. Brutal treatment at the hands of slaveholders, however, threatened black family life. Enslaved women experienced sexual exploitation at the hands of slaveholders and overseers. Bondspeople lived with the constant fear of being sold away from their loved ones, with no chance of reunion. Historians estimate that most bondspeople were sold at least once in their lives. No event was more traumatic in the lives of enslaved individuals than that of forcible separation from their families. People sometimes fled when they heard of an impending sale. During the 17th and 18th century enslaved African Americans in the Upper South mostly raised tobacco. In coastal South Carolina and Georgia, they harvested indigo for dye and grew rice, using agricultural expertise brought with them from Africa. By the 1800s rice, sugar, and cotton became the Souths leading cash crops. The patenting of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793 made it possible for workers to gin separate the seeds from the fiber some 600 to 700 pounds daily, or ten times more cotton than permitted by hand. The Industrial Revolution, centered in Great Britain, quadrupled the demand for cotton, which soon became Americas leading export. Planters acute need for more cotton workers helped expand southern slavery. By the Civil War, the South exported more than a million tons of cotton annually to Great Britain and the North. An area still called the Black Belt, which stretched across Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, grew some 80 percent of the nations crop. In parts of the Black Belt, enslaved African Americans made up more than three-fourths of the total population. Even though slavery existed throughout the original thirteen colonies, nearly all the northern states, inspired by American independence, abolished slavery by 1804. As a matter of conscience some southern slaveholders also freed their slaves or permitted them to purchase their freedom. Until the early 1800s, many southern states allowed these emancipations to legally take place. Although the Federal Government outlawed the overseas slave trade in 1808, the southern enslaved African American population continued to grow. By 1860 some 4 million enslaved African Americans lived throughout the South. Only Southern states believed slavery to be a major, and essential, economic factor. Whether on a small farm or a large plantation, most enslaved people were agricultural laborers. They worked literally from sunrise to sunset in the fields or at other jobs. Some bondspeople held specialized jobs as artisans, skilled laborers, or factory workers. A smaller number worked as cooks, butlers, or maids. .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e , .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e .postImageUrl , .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e , .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e:hover , .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e:visited , .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e:active { border:0!important; } .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e:active , .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Implications Of Remix Culture On Post Modernism Art Essay Slavery became an issue in the economic struggles between Southern plantation owners and Northern industrialists in the first half of the 19th century, a struggle that culminated in the American Civil War. Despite the common perception to the contrary, the war was not fought primarily on the slavery issue. Abraham Lincoln, however, saw the political advantages of promising freedom for Southern slaves, and the Emancipation Proclamation was enacted in 1863. This was reinforced after the war by the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the US constitution (1865, 1868, and 1870), which abolished slavery altogether and guar anteed citizenship and civil rights to former slaves. Following the Civil War, Southern states passed laws called Black Codes. A Black Code was a law which limited or restricted a certain activity or way of life for the African Americans. Mississippi banned interracial marriages with the threat of certain death if the law was broken. Other codes restricted where the Blacks could own land. All were attempts to keep the government from giving the forty acres of land to former slaves. Since a majority of the Southern population was made of Blacks, whites feared they would eventually take over. This led to the brutal killings of many Blacks by the KKK and other white supremacist groups. Blacks who tried to exercise power were either killed or had some other form of physical action taken against them. Although in 1880 voting booths were open to all, only some Whites let Blacks vote, usually when this happened, they were watched under the careful eye of a KKK leader. Sadly enough a Black trying to pursue his right to vote was often met with death or loss of income. According to the Ku Klux Klan, they stand for five simple views. The first being The White Race being the Aryan race and its Christian faith. The second, America First states that America comes first before any foreign or alien influence or interest. The Constitution as they believe should be followed exactly as written and intended, and is considered by their group the finest system of government ever conceived by man. The fourth, Free Enterprise was the end to high-finance exploitation. And finally, Positive Christianity was the right of Americans to practice their Christian faith, including but not limited to prayer in school. Preconceived notions are quite arguably the most widely acknowledged form of racism today. Use of derogatory terms, such as the quite offensive n-word and slang such as spook, porch monkey, etc. are all terms people of all races use to refer to Blacks. Even situations can become unnecessarily frightening because of preconceived notions we have been led to believe about Blacks. For example, if a white woman has gotten lost while driving and stumbles into a predominantly black neighborhood, she would be more likely to panic and become frightened then if she were lost in a neighborhood considered to be predominantly white. Fears and ideals such as these have been instilled in our society for years, which leads to the occurrence of racial hate. It is obvious that racism still exists in many forms throughout our nation and throughout the world. Example of this racism is present in almost every aspect of society to this day. Although slavery was outlawed in our country following the Civil War, African-Americans have never been able to enjoy the freedom that Caucasians have, and probably never will. Years and years of oppression have led to an attitude of inferiority by the African Americans that will, quite possibly, never fade. What a humility to society in general that this institution existed. Word Count: 1220

Most Special Memory Essays - Geography Of California, Rose Parade

Most Special Memory Option #1 An experience that holds special meaning to me was the opportunity to go to the 2000 Rose Bowl parade in Pasadena California. Being a part of the Grove City High School Marching Band as a flag corps member was one of the most enjoyable times of my high school career. We were invited by the parade president to come and march in the parade on New Year's day. Just finding out that we would be going to California was incredible. It took a lot of hard work and dedication to fundraise all the money to go. We sold everything under the sun that one could sell to make money. The total cost of the trip per person was about $4000. Because my Dad and I both went there was a lot of selling going on in my house. Not only did we march in the biggest parade of the century but we also got to see the many sights that San Francisco and Los Angeles had to offer. Our entrance into various parks and attractions, our stay in 5-star hotels and all of our transportation were the reasons for the great cost. We did everything from the famous 17-mile coast drive, to Disneyland, to the Monterey Bay Aquarium. We were also named Grand Champion Band at Band Fest, a national band competition while we were in Pasadena. We visited Mann's Chinese Theater, where the walk of fame is, and the Rose Bowl stadium itself. All of these different places were so exciting and unbelievable. We even got our picture taken on the Golden Gate Bridge. Though we did see an abundance of breathtaking coastal scenes, and beautiful houses and mansions of the stars, I don't think anything will be able to top the feeling of turning the corner onto California Boulevard. The parade itself was about seven miles long. During the long march, it was so awesome to see all the millions of people cheering in the stands along the way. I was overwhelmed with excitement, happiness and nervousness. This was what we had been practicing for, for an entire year. All the hours of hard work, marching in rain and cold and circling the track hundreds of times was worth it when we finally got there. Seven miles is a long way to march! But, when it was all over, I felt like I could have gone another seven miles with so much adrenaline built up from the excitement. Our last day in California was a sad one. None of us wanted to leave the sandy beaches and fancy hotels that we had come to enjoy over the past eight days. But, the thought of returning home was a welcomed one. My mom and brother would be waiting anxiously for our arrival to Columbus once again. Though we did have some flight delays and it seemed like we were never going to get home, we did make it. Being in the 2000 Rose Bowl parade will be an experience that holds special meaning to me for the rest of my life. My memories will live vividly inside of me for many years to come. I don't think I will ever have an experience more enjoyable or fulfilling than knowing that I was part of one of the biggest parades of the 21st century. Acceptance Essays